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ArticleBeekeeping with the Stingless Bee Meupona Beecheii , by the Yucatecan MayaJanuary 1981Bee World 62(1):7-19DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.1981.11097806Authors:

Nevin Weaver

Elizabeth C. Weaver

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Request full-text PDFCitations (36)References (11)... La miel ha sido utilizada como mercancía y tributo en Yucatán a través de la historia, y parece que fue así en tiempos prehistóricos también. De acuerdo con algunas referencias históricas, se cree que las técnicas de cultivo de abejas permanecen virtualmente idénticas a las utilizadas en tiempos prehistóricos, excepto por algunas pequeñas modificaciones (Weaver y Weaver, 1981). ...... La miel y la cera fueron productos comercializados por los indígenas para pagar los impuestos a los colonizadores; la cera se exportaba a España, y se conocía con el nombre de cera de Campeche; en Costa Rica, los habitantes de la Península de Nicoya conservaban y criaban a las abejas sin aguijón, cuya producción de miel abasteció el consumo nacional hasta los inicios del siglo XX (Weaver y Weaver, 1981). ...... Antes de la proliferación e industrialización del cultivo de la caña de azúcar, a fines del siglo XVII los alimentos eran endulzados en la mayor parte del mundo con miel de abeja; en Europa, África y gran parte de Asia, se recurría a la producción de Apis mellifera(la abeja común); a la miel de Apis ceranaen Asia Oriental y archipiélagos del Pacífico e Índico, y en América a la miel de numerosas especies de abejas nativas sin aguijón (Weaver y Weaver, 1981). ...Manual para productores sobre el manejo de las abejas sin aguijónArticleJan 2010Arelí Carmona GonzálezView... Las abejas sin aguijón pertenecen a la tribu Meliponini (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae) almacenan la miel en botijas de cerumen, a diferencia de los panales de cera que utiliza Apis mellifera L. (Michener 2000), se desarrollan en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales (Crane 1992), han sido manejadas y explotadas por su miel desde la época de los Mayas (Weaver y Weaver 1981). Las dulces mieles precolombinas han sido referidas por los historiadores para describir el Nuevo Mundo de riqueza rezumante (Sant Roz 2003), pero su producción en Venezuela, que es mayormente artesanal y silvestre, se ignora tanto en tratados de economía y población indígena (Velázquez 1995) como en los ministerios de agricultura y de sanidad. ...... El obispo franciscano Diego de Landa (1978), llegó a Yucatán en el año 1549 y observó sólo dos tipos de abejas que no picaban, de menor tamaño que las europeas, las cuales almacenaban su miel en ampollas de cera como nueces adheridas entre sí. En la cultura maya se conservan los códices Tro-Cortesianos con sus dioses abeja (Crane 1983, Ransome 1986, Weaver y Weaver 1981, los cuales demuestran la cría de Melipona beecheii Bennett 1835 desde la prehistoria, con su ceremonia conocida como u hanli cab en la cual los dioses de la antigua abeja maya son llamados para bendecir las abejas (Weaver y Weaver 1981). ...... El obispo franciscano Diego de Landa (1978), llegó a Yucatán en el año 1549 y observó sólo dos tipos de abejas que no picaban, de menor tamaño que las europeas, las cuales almacenaban su miel en ampollas de cera como nueces adheridas entre sí. En la cultura maya se conservan los códices Tro-Cortesianos con sus dioses abeja (Crane 1983, Ransome 1986, Weaver y Weaver 1981, los cuales demuestran la cría de Melipona beecheii Bennett 1835 desde la prehistoria, con su ceremonia conocida como u hanli cab en la cual los dioses de la antigua abeja maya son llamados para bendecir las abejas (Weaver y Weaver 1981). ...La Miel Precolombina de Abejas sin Aguijón (Meliponini), Aún no Tiene Normas de CalidadArticleFull-text availableJan 2010

Patricia VitResumen. Las normas venezolanas para calidad de miel de abejas elaboradas en el año 1984 sólo se refieren a Apis mellifera L. introducida por los europeos, pero no existen estándares oficiales para la calidad de las mieles precolombinas de abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini). Se comparó la composición físico-química de mieles comerciales y de referencia, producidas por erica (Melipona favosa) y por guanota (Melipona compressipes) en el estado Apure de Venezuela. Los promedios de pH, acidez libre, cenizas, conductividad eléctrica, humedad, nitrógeno, azúcares reductores, sacarosa aparente, actividad de diastasa e hidroximetilfurfural, obtenidos para mieles de M. favosa y M. compressipes de referencia y comerciales, no muestran diferencias significativas. Por lo tanto, las mieles comerciales son mieles de Melipona genuinas. Este aporte para considerar las mieles de erica y guanota en una futura revisión de las normas de miel de abejas, podría ayudar a promover la meliponicultura venezolana valorizando sus mieles. Recibido: 19 marzo 2008, aceptado: 02 julio 2008. Palabras clave. Abejas sin aguijón, composición físicoquímica, erica, guanota, miel, Melipona, Meliponini, Venezuela. HONEY QUALITY CONTROL NORMS STILL LACKING FOR PRE-COLUMBIAN STINGLESS BEES (MELIPONINI) Abstract. Venezuelan honey quality control norms, published in 1984, only refer to the species Apis mellifera L. introduced by Europeans. There are still no official quality standards for pre-Columbian stingless bee honeys (Meliponini). I compared the physicochemical composition of commercial and reference honeys produced by Erica (Melipona favosa) and Guanota (Melipona compressipes) in Apure State, Venezuela. No significant difference was found between M. favosa and M. compressipes reference and commercial honeys for the following mean parameters (pH, free acidity, ash, electrical conductivity, moisture, nitrogen, reducingViewShow abstract... Before the European era, stingless bees played an important role in the economies and traditions of American indigenous cultures (De Landa, 1566;Cobo, 1653, cited in Roubik, 2000Schwarz, 1948;Quezada-Euán et al., 2001;Koedam, 2018). Because it was both a sweetener and a rich source of energy stingless bee honey was frequently used in trade and in traditional medicine and ceremonies (Schwarz, 1948;Weaver Weaver, 1981). Honey and other nutritional or useful substances were removed from wild nests. ...... Interestingly, two types of hive exist today in Mesoamerica, one, the hollow log (locally known as hobon ) was extensively used in the Maya area. Another type consists of clay pots ( mancuernas or ollitas ) used as hives in the Mexican highlands of Puebla, Veracruz and Oaxaca (Fig 3; Weaver Weaver, 1981;González-Acereto, 2008;Arnold et al., 2018;Quezada-Euán, 2018). ...... In Maya mythology, it is believed that the Xunan-kab was directly given to humans by the major god Kun ku or Yumbil dios , therefore, the beekeepers are seen as guardians and caregivers of this creature, which in essence does not belong to them (De Jong, unpublished data, see supplementary material 1). As a tribute to the real owner of the bees, during annual rituals the beekeepers are obliged by tradition to give back part of the honey harvested from the colonies in a ceremony called the U Hanlil-kab , or the feast of the bees (Weaver Weaver, 1981). Only the honey from the Xunan Kab is accepted by the gods. ...The economic and cultural values of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) among ethnic groups of tropical AmericaArticleFull-text availableOct 2018SOCIOBIOLOGY

José Javier G Quezada-Euan

Guiomar Nates Parra

Marcia Motta Maues

V.L. Imperatriz-FonsecaStingless honey bees— commonly known as stingless bees— have long provided food and materials to the inhabitants of tropical America. We conducted a literature search to codify available information, including non-peer reviewed ‘grey literature’, on the purported value of stingless bees to indigenous people. Among 400 species of Neotropical stingless bees several are widely used in beekeeping. Varied cultural and economic values are associated with their use, and in some cases husbandry, as a consequence of ongoing contact between people and these social insects. Adapting new species to husbandry is being attempted in many countries. The bees remain culturally important, and beliefs associated with them are significant for different groups, beyond utilization as commodities. We find values in food, craft, religion and medicine, with cultural values ranging from utilitarian to mythological.Values transmitted across generations allow cohesion and communal identity of native organisms associated with any indigenous society. Such cultural values seem in danger of extinction, primarily due to external factors. We provide examples of successful regional strategies in averting cultural and economic loss in natural human heritage, in this case bees that provide honey and other benefits. Preserving stingless bees and the cultural heritage around them provides a good example on how the sustainable use of native species can help in the development of indigenous communities. Bees are important agents for conservation of the environment.ViewShow abstract... Before the European era, stingless bees played an important role in the economies and traditions of American indigenous cultures (De Landa, 1566;Cobo, 1653, cited in Roubik, 2000Schwarz, 1948;Quezada-Euán et al., 2001;Koedam, 2018). Because it was both a sweetener and a rich source of energy stingless bee honey was frequently used in trade and in traditional medicine and ceremonies (Schwarz, 1948;Weaver Weaver, 1981). Honey and other nutritional or useful substances were removed from wild nests. ...... Interestingly, two types of hive exist today in Mesoamerica, one, the hollow log (locally known as hobon ) was extensively used in the Maya area. Another type consists of clay pots ( mancuernas or ollitas ) used as hives in the Mexican highlands of Puebla, Veracruz and Oaxaca (Fig 3; Weaver Weaver, 1981;González-Acereto, 2008;Arnold et al., 2018;Quezada-Euán, 2018). ...... In Maya mythology, it is believed that the Xunan-kab was directly given to humans by the major god Kun ku or Yumbil dios , therefore, the beekeepers are seen as guardians and caregivers of this creature, which in essence does not belong to them (De Jong, unpublished data, see supplementary material 1). As a tribute to the real owner of the bees, during annual rituals the beekeepers are obliged by tradition to give back part of the honey harvested from the colonies in a ceremony called the U Hanlil-kab , or the feast of the bees (Weaver Weaver, 1981). Only the honey from the Xunan Kab is accepted by the gods. ...The Past, Present, and Future of Meliponiculture in Mexico: The Biology, Management and Conservation of an Ancient HeritageChapterAug 2018

José Javier G Quezada-EuanAccounts on ancient meliponiculture are not abundant for the Americas. Most pre-Columbian evidence comes from Mexico, in particular from the Yucatan Península. Early accounts from Spaniards indicate that outstanding levels of husbandry and large concentrations of colonies of Melipona beecheii (‘Xunan kab’ in Mayan) were present in the region. An extensive and probably monopolized trade of honey and cerumen with distant territories may have supported the economy and the development of Mayan civilization. Rich manifestations of the intricate bond between the Maya and Xunan kab are still found in the complex cosmogony and mythology associated with the cultivation of these bees (Jax et al. Ecol Econ 93:260–268, 2013). The cultivation of M. beecheii still played a crucial role in the Yucatan Peninsula and southern Mexico by the end of the nineteenth century, being important in folk medicine, economy, and cosmology (Velednitsky. Transforming the colony: decolonial processes and outcomes in Melipona bee restoration. University of California, 2011). However, recent changes in the economic system, accelerated a loss of indigenous knowledge and practices, including traditional stingless beekeeping. Meliponiculture, considered obsolete and non-profitable, gradually started to disappear (Stearman et al. Hum Ecol 36:149–159, 2008). Nonetheless, in recent decades there has been renewed interest in stingless bees and their conservation, coupled with important efforts by beekeepers, academics, and general public aiming at restoring meliponiculture (Quezada-Euán et al. Bee World 82:160–167, 2001; Venturieri. Criação de abelhas indígenas sem ferrão. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, 2008; Reyes-González et al. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 10:47, 2014).ViewShow abstract... No México, especialmente entre os Maias, houve uma grande apicultura com a Melipona beecheii Bennet, 1831 (revisão em WEAVER WEAVER 1981CRANE 1992;CAPPAS-E-SOUZA 1995). WEAVER WEAVER (1981) fizeram um extenso documentário sobre a criação dessa abelha. Segundo eles, o Bispo Diego DeLanda, ao chegar ao Yucatan, em 1549, sete anos após a conquista espanhola, fez o único relato extenso, para aquela época, sobre a vida e costumes dos Maias, que ocupavam a região. ...... O mel foi um dos principais itens usados como pagamento de impostos e medidas de comércio no Yucatan já em tempos históricos, o que parece ser uma continuação do que ocorria em sua pré-história. WEAVER WEAVER (1981) afirmam que há 50 anos atrás haviam apicultores com mais de 400 colmeias de A tiúba aloja sua colônia em ocos de árvores. Até hoje conseguiu-se dados de 16 colônias cujos donos (todos de Arari, Maranhão) alegam saber as árvores de onde as retiraram. ...... abelhas Melipona Illiger, 1806, porém em 1973, apenas um criador de abelhas possuía mais de 400 colmeias, numa vila remota do Yucatan. Infelizmente, ele vendeu suas colmeias para diversos criadores e foi-se embora, porque uma auto-estrada de concreto foi construída na sua cidade.Em 1978, WEAVER WEAVER (1981 visitaram um apicultor, numa vila perto de Isascabar, que tinha 103 colmeias e estava aumentando o seu número a cada vez que retirava o mel. O nome vulgar da M beecheii Bennet, 1831 é COLECAB, que significa abelha senhora . ...Biological informations and ideal size estimation of hives for the stingless bees of Maranhão (Melipona compressipes fasciculata, Smith - Hymenoptera, Apidae)ArticleFull-text availableMar 2001REV BRAS ZOOLWarwick Estevam Kerr

Miguel Petrere

Jose Alexandre Felizola Diniz-FilhoFour places in Latin-America have Melipona Illiger, 1806 beekeeping: Mexico, with M. beecheii Bennet, 1831; Northeast Brasil, with M. scutellaris Latreille, 1811; Maranhão State (Brazil) with M. compressipes fasciculata Smith, 1854; Venezuela, in her coast, with M. favosa (Fabricius, 1798). Natural colonies of M. compressipes fasciculata occupied tree holes ranging from 6,5 to 24 1. The average honey production of 60 colonies in hives with capacity of 50.2 1, 41.0, 30.2, 16.5 and 6.2 were respectively 8.4, 6.5, 5.5, 3.3 and 2.0 Kg. Due to lack of bee flowers within the city limits, hives with a volume of 27 1 (30x30x30 cm) were used successfully in our future experiments with M. compressipes fasciculata instead of the ideal size of 40 to 50 liters, since the intense use of biological material did not allow the colonies to reach large sizes.ViewShow abstract... (order Hymenoptera; family Apidae; subfamily Meliponinae) for over 3,000 years (Guzmán- Novoa 1996). Of particular importance is the management given to the species including beekeeping and the different festivities and offerings dedicated to bee gods (Weaver and Weaver 1981). The Troano Codex also refers to different aspects related to beekeeping in the Yucatan Peninsula (Labougle and Zozaya 1986). ...... The Troano Codex also refers to different aspects related to beekeeping in the Yucatan Peninsula (Labougle and Zozaya 1986). Weaver and Weaver (1981) describe some of the bee-related festivities dedicated to gods that were still practiced until recently by current Mayas. Honey produced by the xuna an kab is still (in few cases) used for making balche , an alcoholic drink used in religious ceremonies. ...Landscape ecology of apiculture in the Maya area of La Montaña, Campeche, México [electronic resource] /ArticleFull-text available

Luciana Porter-BollandABSTRACT: Apiculture is one of the most important economic activities for rural communities in the Yucatan Peninsula. In part, this results from the rich natural melliferous and polliniferous flora found in the area and from the beekeeping tradition of the Maya population. At La Montaña, Campeche, México, beekeeping is currently the number one income-generating activity. Honey production is currently carried out with Africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.), for marketing to national and international markets. An analysis of some economic aspects showed that profits are benefiting only a small sector of the population that has better management skills and investment capacity. Better technology and technical training, as well as the diversification of the activity could provide more benefits to the region. Nevertheless, for this to happen external investment is needed, particularly to increase the organizational, administrative and technical skills of beekeepers. The landscape at La Montaña greatly benefits apiculture as the different vegetation types are rich in nectar- and pollen-yielding species. More than 100 species from at least 67 genera and 31 families of trees, shrubs, vines, woody-vines and annuals were found to be important for honey production. These species are present in the different vegetation types found in the region, including lowland and upland forests, fallow areas, recently disturbed sites, and savanna communities. ABSTRACT (cont.): The plant-pollinator landscape where honey bees forage, is a function of the bees response to spatial and temporal variation in floral resources (Bronstein 1995). Floral resources are distributed in the landscape both in space and time, according to the distribution and abundance of melliferous and polliniferous species, and to their flowering periods. The patchy nature of the landscape at La Montaña offers diverse resources for bees to forage in, favoring apiculture. An analysis of a 4-year period of Landsat Thematic Mapper remotely-sensed imagery showed that forest conversion may be intensifying at La Montaña, as cattle ranching becomes a management goal for people in the area; communication at the regional, national and international levels increases; and the population grows. As a buffer zone for the largest reserve in Mexico, the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, management practices for La Montaña that favor forest conservation are of the utmost importance. Honey production at La Montaña and similar areas represents a promising activity that can favor both natural resources conservation and socio-economic development. Nevertheless, for this to occur, there needs to be a directed effort through the implementation of specific management practices. Alternative markets may also play a crucial incentive role. System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 184 p.; also contains graphics. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 2001. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.ViewShow abstract... A series of papers published during the last quarter century show a downturn in stingless bee keeping in at least part of the Yucatán peninsula, and attempt to analyse the causes. 10,19,20,27,46 Long before arrival of the Spanish in the New World and subsequent introduction of a major honey resource from the Old World (honey bees -Apis mellifera), the Maya of the Yucatán peninsula were expert practitioners in husbandry of various native honey-making stingless bees, which were kept in log hives. Today and, we suspect, during historical beekeeping times, those bees used most for food and materials are the large-bodied meliponines, Cephalotrigona, Melipona and Scaptotrigona. ...... Studies of traditional stingless bee keeping in Yucatán conducted in the 1950s-1970s make no mention of a decline in bee abundance or honey production, 46 but a decline was noted, without a causal analysis, at the end of the 1980s. 19 In the study presented here, approximately 20% of the stingless bee keepers in the zona Maya of the southeastern Yucatán peninsula reported that over 90% of their colonies of xunan-kab had perished in the last 25 years. ...Extinction of Melipona beecheii and traditional beekeeping in the Yucatán PeninsulaArticleFull-text availableJun 2005BEE WORLD

Rogel Villanueva-G

David RoubikWilberto Colli-UcánRearing of the ‘xunan-kab’ bee (Melipona beecheii) had been practised widely by the Mayans of the Yucatán peninsula long before arrival of the Spanish inthe New World, and had been a culturally and economically important activity in that region. Melipona beecheii is kept almost exclusively in traditionallog hives. Beekeepers using this bee, from the Mayan zone in Quintana Roo state, Mexico, testify to a 93% decrease in hives during the past one-quartercentury. Despite concern that stingless bee keeping is going extinct, there were scant data to examine direct impact of competition from feral African Apismellifera, deforestation, hurricane damage and lack of instruction and incentive for new stingless bee keepers.We therefore made a survey of beekeepersconstituting 20% of the largest traditional beekeeping group in the Americas. These data combined with our field studies, taken over 24 years, suggestthat bees are threatened both by environmental changes and by inappropriate management and conservation efforts. Overharvest and failure to transfercolonies to hives or divide them are serious impediments. The major tactics to confront these problems are presented.ViewShow abstract... A apicultura se apresenta pela criação da espécie conhecida por Apis mellifera, sua criação é muito mais divulgada pelos agricultores, atraves de tecnicas desenvolvidas, linhas de produção adapatadas a realidade de acordo com os produtos que o mercado exige. O entendimento sobre a meliponicultura propicia um manejo das abelhas indígenas sem ferrão, onde o principal produto e a obtenção do mel, (NOGUEIRA-NETO, 1997 O desenvolvimento da criação de abelhas nativas ou as conhecidas como abelhas sem ferrão provavelmente são atribuído à civilização mesoamericana dos Maias, aespecialmente pelo manejo da espécie Melipona beecheii (WEAVER;WEAVER, 1981;CRANE, 1983;CRANE, 1992), assim como, os indio aqui em nosso pais, contribuiram atraves de nossas abelhas. . ...... A apicultura se apresenta pela criação da espécie conhecida por Apis mellifera, sua criação é muito mais divulgada pelos agricultores, atraves de tecnicas desenvolvidas, linhas de produção adapatadas a realidade de acordo com os produtos que o mercado exige. O entendimento sobre a meliponicultura propicia um manejo das abelhas indígenas sem ferrão, onde o principal produto e a obtenção do mel, (NOGUEIRA-NETO, 1997 O desenvolvimento da criação de abelhas nativas ou as conhecidas como abelhas sem ferrão provavelmente são atribuído à civilização mesoamericana dos Maias, aespecialmente pelo manejo da espécie Melipona beecheii (WEAVER;WEAVER, 1981;CRANE, 1983;CRANE, 1992), assim como, os indio aqui em nosso pais, contribuiram atraves de nossas abelhas. . ...ESTUDO DE CASO Normatização aplicada ao desenvolvimento da meliponicultura em São Bentinho-PB Normatization applied to the development of meliponiculture in São Bentinho-PBArticleFull-text availableNov 2020Giovana LeiteCavalcanti Olímpio

Aline Carla de MedeirosOriel Pereira De SousaParte do Trabalho Final (Um estudo de caso) do mestrado profissional da primeira autora. Este artigo foi substituido pela versao corrigida pelos autores em função de nao ter sido publicado a versão corrigida pelo o orientador. M. Sc. em Sistemas Agroindustriais-PPGSA-CCTA-UFCG-Pombal-PB RESUMO-Atualmente, a criação de abelhas pode ser dividida em duas práticas distintas, a Apicultura e a Meliponicultura. Entende-se por meliponicultura a arte de manejar as abelhas indígenas sem ferrão, sendo a obtenção de mel um dos objetivos dessa atividade. O desenvolvimento da meliponicultura é formalmente atribuído à civilização mesoamericana dos Maias e no Brasil a criação de abelhas nativas pertencentes ao gênero Melipona era praticada pelos nativos desde antes da chegada dos portugueses. No Nordeste essa prática vem crescendo e é na cidade de São Bentinho, local de estudo do presente trabalho, que se objetiva normatizar a meliponicultura a fim de subsidiar os novos produtores. O trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa qualitativa com análise documental, visitas a associações e entrevistas não estruturadas a fim de realizar levantamento socioeconômico dos produtores de mel. A cidade de São Bentinho possui 20 produtores de mel que juntos chegam a produzir entre duas e três toneladas de mel de abelha Apis. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em parceria com a Prefeitura Municipal de São Bentinho, que em contrapartida ofertou 20 caixas de produção de meliponíneos, assim como a Universidade Federal de Campina Grande por subsidiar o presente trabalho. A partir das visitas realizadas, pode-se compreender a realidade dos produtores e, assim, foi confeccionada uma proposta de lei, já votada e sancionada, ou seja, já é realidade. Sendo assim os produtores de mel da cidade encontram-se amparados pela lei e contarão com capacitações ofertadas pela própria universidade para a produção e manejo de mel de abelhas sem ferrão. Conclui-se que a cidade possui um potencial enorme para a produção de mel de abelhas sem ferrão, assim como mais estudos são sugeridos a partir do início da atividade de meliponicultura no município. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Meliponicultura; Abelhas sem ferrão, Normatização. ABSTRACT-Currently, bee breeding can be divided into two distinct practices, Apiculture and Meliponiculture. It is understood by meliponiculture the art of handling the indigenous bees without sting, being the obtaining of honey one of the objectives of this activity. The development of meliponiculture is formally attributed to the Mesoamerican civilization of the Mayas and in Brazil the creation of native bees belonging to the gender Melipona was practiced by the natives since before the arrival of the Portuguese. In the Northeast this practice has been increasing and it is in the city of São Bentinho, the study site of the present work, which aims to standardize the meliponicultura in order to subsidize the new producers. The work consists of a qualitative research with documentary analysis, visits toViewShow abstract... The stingless bee Melipona beecheii (Bennett, 1831) is native of the tropical region of the American continent and has a natural distribution ranging from Mexico to Costa Rica (Ayala, 1999). In Mexico, the breeding and management of this stingless bee (known in the Mayan language as xunan kab or colel kab ) has been practiced in the Yucatán Peninsula since the time of the Maya civilization (Weaver and Weaver, 1981;González-Acereto and De Araujo, 2005; Corresponding author: P. De La Rúa, pdelarua@um.es * Manuscript editor: Walter S. Sheppard González-Acereto, 2008). ...Intraspecific variation in the stingless bee Melipona beecheii assessed with PCR-RFLP of the ITS1 ribosomal DNAArticleFull-text availableSep 2009APIDOLOGIE

William De Jesús May-Itzá

José Javier G Quezada-Euan

Eunice Enríquez

Pilar De la RuaIn previous works, significant variation in morphometric and molecular characteristics was detected among populations of M. beecheii. Here RFLP tests of the internal transcribed spacer 1 of the ribosomal gene were performed to confirm those results and to evaluate the intraspecific variability within the species. The complete ITS1 region and the flanking regions showed length variation (1720 to 1670) and also three different restriction patterns that allowed differentiation of three groups of colonies with different geographic distribution. Mexican colonies from Yucatán, Campeche and Chiapas, together with one colony from northern Guatemala formed one group, a second was composed of colonies from southern Guatemala, El Salvador and Costa Rica and a third one corresponded to one colony from San Marcos (Guatemala but close to the Mexican border). Such test could be used to characterize locally adapted ecotypes subject to conservation efforts.ViewShow abstract... Several species of stingless bees have been domesticated for centuries, especially by the Maya people in Latin America (see Weaver and Weaver, 1981;Crane, 1983Crane, , 1992Cortopassi-Laurino et al., this issue). Nowadays, a number of papers on the use of rational (do the authors mean traditional hives?) hive boxes for the keeping of stingless bees is available, and hive management is fairly straightforward for certain species (but see below). ...Stingless bees in applied pollination: Practice and perspectivesArticleFull-text availableMar 2006APIDOLOGIE

Judith Slaa

Luis A Sánchez

Katia BragaFrouke Elisabeth HofstedeAt present, numbers of both wild and managed bee colonies are declining rapidly, causing global concern for pollination services. Stingless bees play an important ecological role as pollinators of many wild plant species and seem good candidates for future alternatives in commercial pollination. This paper reviews the effectiveness of stingless bees as crop pollinators. Over the past six years the number of crops reported to be effectively pollinated by stingless bees has doubled, putting the total figure on 18 crops. Eleven stingless bee species across six genera have been found to forage effectively under enclosed conditions, indicating the potential of stingless bees as pollinators of greenhouse crops. The biological features that make stingless bees strong candidates for commercial pollination services are discussed, together with their present limitations. The effects of natural vegetation and wild bees on crop yield are reviewed, and make a strong case for habitat conservation.ViewShow abstract... Sobre as abelhas sem ferrão, sabe-se que, convencionalmente, a sua domesticação é atribuída à civilização mesoamericana dos Maya (WEAVER WEAVER 1981;CRANE 1992) Espécies de abelhas sem ferrão foram e ainda são criadas por comunidades tradicionais das regiões neotropicais, a exemplo do México, Colômbia e Brasil (no Brasil, vide TEIXEIRA et al. 2005;VENTURIERI et al. 2003). Os nomes dessas abelhas, em geral, têm origem indígena (NOGUEIRA-NETO 1970), o que indica o interesse e a importância dessas abelhas para diversos povos nativos. ...Princípios Agroecológicos Aplicados à Criação de Abelhas nativas sem ferrãoConference PaperFull-text availableOct 2007

Alex Fabian Rabelo TeixeiraBecause its characteristics, it can be presumed that has a synergy between stingless bees beekeeping (Meliponiculture) and agroecological principles. However, it has a consensus that the fact to keeping stingless bees means to act in its preservation. But, is this affirmation necessarily true? When, really, the Meliponiculture can be considered an activity in agreement with the agroecological principles? These questions are here mentioned and argued.ViewShow abstract... Traditionally, stingless bees are kept in hollow logs, mud pots, bamboo pits, coconut shells, wooden box and pottery vessels (Nordenskjaeld 1934 ) (Figs. 4.19 , 4.20 , 4.21 , 4.22 , 4.23 and 4.24 ). In some regions, particularly in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, sophisticated meliponiculture with stingless bee, especially Meliponi beecheii was developed with rituals dating from pre-Columbian times (Weaver 1981 ) wherein horizontal hollowed logs, closed at each end with a disc of wood were used (Crane 1990 ). A simple box 1.2 × 0.27 × 0.27 m, with a removable lid is being used for rearing M. beecheii in several areas of Guana caste province and Perez Zeledon (Crane 1990 ). Large boxes of 100 × 40 × 40 cm is used for housing M. trinitatis in Trinidad and in Costa Rica, the small bee Tetragonisca angustula are kept in boxes with average capacity of 3 l (Bruijin 1996 ). ...Bee Hives in the WorldChapterFull-text availableJan 2014

Patrice Kasangaki

Moses Chemurot

Devinder Sharma

Rakesh Kumar GuptaView... The domestic use of stingless bees in Mexico dates from pre-Columbian times 9,39 . This activity reached a particularly impressive level in the Yucatan peninsula, where the Mayan people developed meliponiculture to a level similar to that of management of honey bees during Medieval times in Europe, with stocking densities of up to 500 colonies in bee houses (called in the Mayan language nahil-kab; fig. 1) 11,17 . ...Meliponiculture in Mexico: Problems and perspective for developmentArticleFull-text availableApr 2015BEE WORLD

José Javier G Quezada-Euan

William De Jesús May-ItzáJ A González-AceretoBeekeeping with stingless bees (meliponiculture) in Mexico is an ancient tradition which today is in the process of disappearing as a consequence of changes in cultural, economic and ecological factors. This article reviews the historical background of meliponiculture as well as its potential uses in Mexico. Meliponiculture could be revived, providing an important source of income for peasant farmers in areas where the use of Africanized honey bees is restricted, provided technical and marketing problems are solved. We outline the current weaknesses and the changes needed to exploit these bees to their full potential for honey and wax production and use in other activities such as pollination.ViewShow abstract... El fuerte vínculo entre la Xunancab y el meliponicultor puede evidenciarse, por ejemplo, cuando muere el meliponicultor. A menos que otro hombre de la familia les informe rápidamente que él cuidaría de ellas, se cree que las Xunancab perecerían (Weaver y Weaver, 1981). ...La decolonialidad como alternativa para la conservación de la biodiversidad. El caso de la meliponicultura en la Península de Yucatán.ArticleFull-text availableJan 2021

Mauricio LopezEl presente artículo es una aproximación a la revaloración de la meliponicultura por grupos asociados con organizaciones de la sociedad civil (osc) en la península de Yucatán, México, desde un enfoque decolonial, en el contexto del declive de la biodiversidad vinculado con políticas públicas basadas en un modelo neoliberal. El trabajo aborda las demandas de colectivos mayas peninsulares en dos conflictos relacionados con la meliponicultura. Desde una revisión bibliográfica, complementada con salidas a campo, puede evidenciarse, asimismo, la reivindicación de la cosmovisión, la lengua maya, y la comunalidad entre los grupos de meliponicultores; elementos arraigados al patrimonio biocultural local. El análisis concluye que la revaloración de estos elementos-aunado a la formación de movimientos de justicia ambiental-contribuye a la defensa del territorio como una alternativa efectiva para la conservación de la biodiversidad, a través de su incidencia en la política pública. Palabras clave: abejas nativas, conflicto ambiental, movimientos sociales, biodiversidad, diversidad biocultural.ViewShow abstract... 10 Weaver Weaver report evidence of meliponiculture, local rituals and ceremonies with a Melipona species. 30 A rich figurative legacy can be found in the Maya Codex of Madrid, which has direct and indirect references to the life cycle of these bees. 7 Bakabs were the Mayan gods created to honour native bees, examples being Ah Mucen Kab, the god of honey and the most worshiped, 9 and Balam Cab, the queen name that refers to the jaguar bee, who was the divinity of the beehive. ...Quality standards for medicinal uses of Meliponinae honey in Guatemala, Mexico and VenezuelaArticleFull-text availableApr 2004BEE WORLD

Patricia VitMargarita Medina

Eunice EnríquezBeekeeping with stingless bees (meliponiculture) is practiced in Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela. In this article we review the medicinal uses of stingless bee honeys in these countries. We include honeys from 23 stingless bee species, review their use in the treatment of ocular cataracts and pterygium, fatigue, gastritis, ulcers, lung weakness, coughs, wounds and bruises; their use as laxatives and fertility enhancers, and their nutritional value. A proposal on quality standards for stingless bee honey is considered a contribution for further regulations.ViewShow abstract... Significant surplus production for specialized activities is suggested for two locations, against a broader backdrop of widespread low-intensity production, likely for internal household use and/or limited exchange. The intermittent nature of beekeeping tasks would have allowed it to be practiced together with a wide variety of other activities (Bianco, 2014;Rodríguez Saldaña, 1997;Weaver and Weaver, 1981), rather than as a full-time occupation. ...The organization of stingless beekeeping (Meliponiculture) at Mayapán, Yucatan, MexicoArticleFull-text availableDec 2018J ANTHROPOL ARCHAEOLElizabeth H. ParisCarlos Peraza Lope

Marilyn A. MassonBárbara C. Escamilla OjedaThis article presents evidence for the importance of traditional stingless beekeeping (meliponiculture) at the Postclassic period (CE 1150–1450) Maya political capital of Mayapán, Yucatan, Mexico, with a particular focus on the domestic and public contexts of this practice and its association with metallurgy and balché production. The spatial and social distribution of beekeeping activities throughout the city refines scholarly understanding of an integrated and functionally complex Maya agro-urban cityscape. Beekeeping activities are identified through the distribution of small limestone disks, interpreted as the covers for traditional hollow log hives, which were widely distributed throughout the Mayapán’s urban landscape. High concentrations of limestone disks at the outlying ceremonial/administrative center of Itzmal Ch’en and also at an elite palace group, may indicate concentrated honey production for crafting fermented honey wine, balché. Limestone disks are also widely distributed at other contexts such as temples and halls of the site’s monumental center as well as secondary elite and commoner house groups. Limestone disks are regularly recovered (although not exclusively) in association with metallurgical ceramics, suggesting that meliponiculture and lost-wax metallurgy were often practiced by the same households. Honey and wax production was a complex undertaking, involving by-products essential for other industries that were not solely produced for commercial exchange. Instead, these activities were frequently embedded into symbolically charged consumption spheres and specialized artisanal practices.ViewShow abstract... These bees are important pollinators of various food crops and can be domesticated in hives [8] . Beekeeping with stingless bees is called meliponiculture , which has been practiced for many centuries in various parts of Latin America especially by the Maya people, where these bees are considered as very valuable domestic species [2,3,17] . The speciality of the stingless bees is the ability to pollinate smallsized flowers due to their diminutive figure which cannot be achieved by the relatively big honey bees and other wild bees. ...Stingless bees in Nagaland: Report on a reconnaissance surveyArticleFull-text availableJan 2019

Rakesh DasShantanu JhaRakesh CorrespondenceGautam KunalView... Heard (1999) summarized that stingless bees visit flowers of about 90 crop species and significantly improve yield, for example, in macadamia, eggplant and coffee (Heard 1987, Veddeler et al. 2008, Nunes-Silva et al. 2013. Furthermore, beekeeping with stingless bees has a long tradition, particularly in Meso-and South America, and the produced honey is used as a nutritional resource, for medication and for ancient ceremonial practices (Weaver Weaver 1981, Crane 1992, Vit et al. 2013). ...Current state and future directions of research on stingless bees in La GambaArticleFull-text availableJan 2019

Johannes Spaethe

Martin Streinzer

Frank M. J. SommerlandtStingless bees are important pollinators of crops and wild plants in tropical regions. All species possess a highly eusocial lifestyle including division of labor, a complex communication system and diverse foraging strategies, ranging from solitary foraging to mass recruitment and chemically marking of rewarding feeding sites. In the area surrounding Gamba, which is a small community in the Golfo Dulce region, 26 species of stingless bees have been identified so far, comprising ca. 45 % of all Costa Rican species. Here, we summarize the research on these fascinating bees conducted at the La Gamba field station during the past 12 years and discuss promising directions for future research. Spaethe J., Streinzer M. SoMMerlandt F., 2019: Aktueller Stand der For-schung und zukünftige Forschungsthemen bei stachellosen Bienen in La Gamba. Stachellose Bienen sind wichtige Bestäuber von Kultur-und Wildpflanzen in tropi-schen Regionen der Erde. Alle Arten zeigen einen hoch eusozialen Lebensstil, mit re-produktiver Arbeitsteilung und komplexer Kommunikation. Die verschiedenen Nah-rungssammelstrategien reichen von solitärem Fouragieren bis zur Massenrekrutierung mit chemischer Markierung der Futterstellen. In der Umgebung von Gamba, einer kleinen Gemeinde in der Golfo Dulce Region von Costa Rica, wurden bisher 26 Arten von stachellosen Bienen nachgewiesen, was einem Anteil von ca. 45 % aller aus Costa Rica bekannten Arten entspricht. In diesem Artikel fassen wir die bisherige Forschung zusammen, die in den letzten 12 Jahren in der Forschungsstation La Gamba an die-ser faszinierenden Bienengruppe durchgeführt wurde und zeigen Richtungen für zu-künftige Projekte auf.ViewShow abstract... In Mexico, the Mayan culture developed a traditional system to keep, manage and exploit stingless bees, by housing their colonies in hollow trunks called jobones. The Mayans were the only people who developed sophisticated methods of meliponiculture in the Americas (Ordetx Espina;1966, Weaver Weaver, 1981Ruttner, 1988;Gonzalez-Acereto, 2008). Another place in Mexico where meliponiculture is practiced is in the northern highlands of the state of Puebla, where the Nahuas cultivate the species Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin-Meneville, bees that they lodge in clay pots, which are placed one on top of the other and are sealed with ash moistened with water (Márquez, 1994;Gonzalez-Acereto, 2008). ...Traditional Knowledge and Potential Use of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) in the Manantlan Sierra, Jalisco, MexicoArticleApr 2019SOCIOBIOLOGYFrancisca Contreras EscareñoCarlos M. EchazarretaErnesto Gusmán-NóvoaJosé Octavio Macías-MacíasStingless bees (meliponines) play an important role in ecosystems; they pollinate different plant species, assist in the reproduction and conservation of floral biodiversity and their products can be obtained and sold, with the consequent economic benefit for stingless beekeepers. Surveys were conducted to find out how much knowledge inhabitants of two marginalized communities of the Manantlan Sierra in Jalisco, Mexico, have on the use and exploitation of stingless bees. In addition, several stingless bee species of this region were captured and identified, and wild nests of those bees were located and recorded in their natural habitats. Information about the knowledge and culture of stingless bees in the region was analyzed and based on that as well as on the most abundant species captured, those with more potential are suggested for management in a sustainable manner. Unlike other areas of Mexico where meliponiculture is practiced, in Jalisco there is no record of traditional culture of meliponines. However, a certain level of knowledge and a high degree of interest was found among the respondents for engaging in keeping and managing stingless bees, mainly because their management does not involve the risk of stinging incidents. Nine stingless bee species were identified in total. Of these, the most abundant were Scaptotrigona hellwegeri, Trigona fulviventris, Partomona bilineata, Friseomelita nigra and Nannotrigona perilampoides. It is recommended that studies are conducted to develop management practices for these bee species. The implementation of courses on how to keep these meliponines is also recommended, so that in the future, the inhabitants of these communities can benefit from the integral and sustainable use of stingless bees.ViewShow abstract... This might be due to the more abundant occurrence of stingless bees in the region. There is also ample information regarding the history of the cultivation of stingless bee honey by the Mayan civilization, which may correlate to the Central and South American scientist s motivation to study them (Weaver and Weaver, 2015). Countries from the regions include Argentina (Puciarreli et al., 2014), Brazil (Fernandes et al., 2018;do Vale et al., 2017;Gomes et al., 2017;Lemos et al., 2018;Biluca et al., 2016;Sousa et al., 2016;Almeida-Muradian et al., 2013;Silva et al., 2013;Lage et al., 2012;Anacleto et al., 2009;Carvalho et al., 2009;Almeida-Muradian et al., 2007;Alves et al., 2005;Evangelista-Rodrigues et al., 2005;Almeida and Marchini, 2004;Souza et al., 2004;Villas-Boas and Malaspina, 2004;Denadai et al., 2002;Marchini et al., 1998;Rodrigues et al., 1998;Souza and Bazlen, 1998;Gonnet et al., 1964), Cuba (Alvarez-Suarez et al., 2018), Colombia (Fuenmayor 2012), Ecuador (Guerrini et al., 2009), Mexico (Jimenez et al., 2016;Santiesteban-Hernandez et al., 2003;Grajales et al., 2001), Peru (Rodriguez-Malavera et al., 2009), and Venezuela (Vit et al., 1998(Vit et al., , 1994. ...Physicochemical properties of stingless bee honey from around the globe: A comprehensive reviewArticleJun 2018J FOOD COMPOS ANAL

Abid NordinNur Qisya Afifah Veronica Sainik

Shiplu ROY ChowdhuryRuszymah Bt Hj IdrusStingless bee honey has been reported to not meet the quality standards set for honey. In response, researchers from Venezuela and Malaysia have proposed unique quality standards for stingless bee honey. The aim of this review is to compile the available data on the physicochemical properties of stingless bee honey already studied from all over the world to propose a harmonized global quality standard for stingless bee. The literature review resulted in the inclusion of 40 studies, assessing 522 honey samples, from 67 different species of stingless bee, habituating 12 countries from all over the world. Taking into account the variety of bee species and the geographical origin for the collection of honey, enormous variability in terms of honey s moisture content, free acidity, pH, hydroxymethylfurfural content, ash content, electrical conductivity, sugar content, enzyme activity, nitrogen content, soluble solids, minerals composition, phenolic compound, and color were observed. Stingless bee honey possessed greater moisture content, higher acidity, lower sugar composition, and lower enzyme activity in stingless bees compared to Apis mellifera bees. This review justifies the need for a more harmonized standard of this food product, which will include stingless bee honey from around the globe.ViewShow abstractThe Past and Present Status of Beekeeping with Stingless BeesArticleApr 2015BEE WORLDEva CraneViewHoney Hunting by the Gurungs of NepalArticleFull-text availableJan 1982BEE WORLD

Simon StricklandViewAgroforestry: Special SystemsChapterJan 2016Harold OlofsonViewThe Log Hives of YucatanArticleSep 2014Briana BiancoViewComparison of edible bee species from Sierras of Jibóia (Bahia, Brazil) and Zongolica, (Veracruz, Mexico)ArticleFull-text availableDec 2009REV COLOMB ENTOMOLJulieta Ramos-Elorduy Blásquez

Eraldo Medeiros Costa NetoIVONNE LANDERO-TORRESThe traditional knowledge and use of bee species in the Sierra de Zongolica, Mexico, and the Sierra de Jiboia, Brazil were compared. In each area, open-ended interviews were conducted with inhabitants whose economy is one of subsistence. We recorded the cultivation and protocultivation practices of the insect species they use, as well as the length of time they have been doing it. In Zongolica, where the population is of Nahuatl origin, stinging bees (Apis mellifera mellifera L.) were reared, and only rarely any species of stingless bee. There are also various protocultivation practices of wasps, stingless bees and two lepidopteran larvae known as cuecla and cuetla . It is also in this area where the villagers gave a higher value to this renewable natural resource, also providing them a wider range of uses such as food, medicine, craft and decorations. Some species are even traded at the municipal market. In the population of Pedra Branca, while there are six species of stingless bees that are cultivated, these are not very abundant. For the stinging bees {Apis) there is no cultivation, but land is rented for others to place their hives. The way bees are raised in each locality is the same, for both stinging and stingless bees. In both populations this helps the rural production system and therefore the nutrition of people.ViewShow abstractNest and colony characteristics of log-hived Melipona beechii (Apidae : Meliponinae)ArticleJan 1999J APICULT RES

Johan Van VeenH.G. ArceThe log hives of 19 colonies of the stingless bee Melipona beecheii were opened and adult and brood populations, stored nectar and pollen, and other nest characteristics were recorded. Adult populations were found to be between 500 and 2500. The presence of queen pupae in the brood and the size of the brood nest were found to be positively correlated. Adult gynes and males were seldom observed. Brood populations were generally found to be two to four times the number of adult bees. Honey stores were often smaller than pollen stores, and only few colonies contained more than 1 litre. The volume of the cavity of the hives was between 5 litres and 16 litres. Blackened and useless pollen was found in several nests, usually in the bigger ones. New for Central American species of Melipona is the description of radiating entrance structures. The ultimate function of several nest structures is discussed in relation to the typical stingless bee biology and ecology. Recommendations for hive design are made.ViewShow abstractThe importance of edible insects in the nutrition and economy of people of the rural areas of MexicoArticleAug 2010ECOL FOOD NUTRB. Julieta Ramos‐ElorduyInsect consumption is a traditional alimentary habit that comes from ancient times. It varies from group to group, according to the ecosystem. This is because insects play a significant role in providing food. In many cases they are a vital dietary element providing nutrients of high biological value including energy. Ingestion of this natural renewable resource is rooted among most ethnic groups around the world, embracing a large cultural biodiversity of people who eat them in a continuous way since a seasonality exists for each species. This report explains the reasons and causes for persistence or modification of this habit. The degree of consumption shows who, where, when and how these people capture, eat, fix, store, preserve and cultivate some edible insect species. Emphazing the biomass achieved and the means to obtain them for these peasants, their nutritional function, alleviating hunger and malnutrition, is perhaps their most important contribution. Also to be noted is their economic importance, by means of commercialization on different scales.ViewShow abstractInsects: A sustainable source of food?ArticleAug 2010ECOL FOOD NUTRJulieta RAMOS‐ELORDUYInsects as a major animal group possess enormous biodiversity and form a colossal biomass in nature that generally is wasted. Insects offer us many benefits, including their use in human and animal nutrition, in medicine, religion, art, and handicrafts. Also, they are efficient recyclers of organic matter and provide a source of economic gain for the poor through their commercialization. Even if insects are considered by developed nations as an emergency and non-conventional food of low prestige, they are part of the daily diet of the larger part of humanity, that conceive them as a healthy, nutritious and savory meal, constituting sometimes the only significant source of protein of good quality. Up to date we have recorded around 2000 different edible insect species in the world. Because of their high nutritive value and ubiquitous presence, insects present a potential sustainable food source for humans. Once was select suitable species and develop appropriate breeding methods, insects can provide a reliable and sustainable source of high-quality animal protein.ViewShow abstractPredation of Apiomerus pilipes (Fabricius) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae, Apiomerini) over Meliponinae bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae), in the State of Amazonas, BrazilArticleFull-text availableDec 2004REV BRAS ZOOLAlexandre Coletto da SilvaHélcio R. Gil-SantanaThe present work shows the occurrence of an intense predatory activity on adults working Meliponinae bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae), by Apiomerus pilipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae, Apiomerini) at a meliponary in the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA, Manaus), Amazonas State, Brazil.O presente trabalho registra a ocorrência de intensa atividade predatória de Apiomerus pilipes (Fabricius, 1787) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorini, Apiomerini) sobre operárias adultas de meliponíneos (Hymenoptera, Apidae), no meliponário experimental do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA, Manaus), Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. O meliponário se encontra num fragmento de vegetação secundária no próprio INPA.ViewShow abstractNecesidad del control de calidad de la miel de abejas sin aguijónArticleFull-text availableJan 2006

Patricia Vit

Eunice Enríquez

Ortrud Monika BarthAdriana H MatsudaNeed for quality control of stingless bee honeys. Stingless bee honeys are produced by bees of the subfamily Meliponini. There are few studies on their composition and no country has suggested standards for their quality control. This work shows the need of Meliponini honey samples collection, with the purpose to determine their entomological and botanical origin, physico-chemical composition and sensorial characteristics. Results from two honey samples collected from Melipona favosa and Melipona beecheii colonies are discussed, in a general context of its definition and production.ViewShow abstractBee Hives of the Ancient World. 2ArticleApr 2015BEE WORLDEva CraneA. J. GrahamViewComposición de la miel de abejas sin aguijon: estableciendo requisitos de calidadArticleFull-text availableJan 2006

Patricia Vit

David Roubik

Ortrud Monika Barth

Stefan BogdanovSe compilaron datos de composición de 152 mieles de abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini) en estudios realizados desde 1964, y se evaluaron para proponer requisitos de calidad para este producto. Dado que la miel de abejas sin aguijón tienen una composición distinta a la de Apis mellifera, algunos parámetros físico-químicos fueron presentados según la especie abejas sin aguijón. El origen entomológico de la miel se asignó a 17 especies de Meliponini de Brasil, una de Costa Rica, seis de México, 27 de Panamá, una de Surinam, dos de Trinidad Tobago, y siete de Venezuela, mayormente del género Melipona. Los resultados variaron así: humedad (19,9-41,9g/100g), pH (3,15-4,66), acidez libre (5,9-109,0meq/Kg), cenizas (0,01-1,18g/100g), actividad de la diastasa (0,9-23,0DN), conductividad eléctrica (0,49-8,77mS/cm), HMF (0,9-78,4mg/Kg), actividad de la invertasa (19,8-90,1IU), nitrógeno (14,34-144,00mg/100g), azúcares reductores (58,0-75,7g/100g) y sacarosa (1,1-4,8g/100g), El contenido de humedad de las mieles de abejas sin aguijón es generalmente superior al máximo de 20% establecido para la miel de A. mellifera. Las directrices ofrecidas pueden ayudar a la expansión consistente de la base de datos físico-químicos de miel de abejas sin aguijón, para establecer sus requisitos de calidad en un futuro. El análisis de polen debería dirigirse hacia el reconocimiento de las mieles uniflorales producidas por las abejas sin aguijón, a fin de obtener productos estandarizados según las especies botánicas. Se necesita una campaña de control de calidad de miel tanto para los recolectores de miel de abejas sin aguijón como para los meliponicultores, junto con la armonización de los métodos analíticos.ViewShow abstractAgroforestry: Special SystemsChapterJan 2008Harold OlofsonViewBeehives in the WorldChapterAug 2014

Patrice Kasangaki

Moses Chemurot

Devinder Sharma

Rakesh Kumar GuptaBeekeeping is one of the most widespread agricultural activities that are practiced all over the world. The honey harvesting in traditional beekeeping means total destruction of the beehives and sometimes extermination of the bees. The use of hollowed logs, boxes of variable dimensions and designs, and rock or wall holes as hives reflect the reminiscences of the ancient bee-knowledge, descended traditionally through generations. The developments in the design and structure of the beehives have paved the way to ensure accessibility and maintenance. Bee hives vary in size and shape and some of them proved to provide better homes for the bees than others. The modern beehives have been improved and modified by beekeepers from time to time since the inception of beekeeping. These modifications have helped beekeepers to manage bees. The introduction of bars facilitated the beekeeper’s control of the combs. The transition to wooden hives, though it met firm resistance initially, took hold when combined with wooden frames in the true movable-frame hive. Further attempts to modernize the beekeeping sector should utilize other technologies that are more appropriate and more sustainable for the targeted beekeepers of particular region.ViewShow abstractBiology of Honeybees and Stingless BeesChapterAug 2014

Johan Van VeenAny form of beekeeping is based on the biology of the bees. In this chapter a brief description is offered of the basic essentials of bee biology, which are necessary for beekeepers to understand so they can accordingly implement proper management of their hives. The life cycle, nest architecture, division of labour amongst worker bees, foraging strategies, orientation, communication about food sources and reproduction through swarming is being discussed for honeybees (Apis) and stingless bees (Meliponini). Management of the bees based on these elements will result in strong and healthy colonies, which in turn will provide the beekeeper with a good harvest of products from the hives.ViewShow abstractA preliminary study on the development of colonies of Melipona beecheii in traditional and rational hivesArticleJan 1994

José Javier G Quezada-EuanJ A González-AceretoSeventeen colonies of Melipona beecheii were collected from different parts of Yucatán, Mexico, and housed in rational (box) hives or in traditional log hives. Two designs of rational hive were used: the Nogueira-Neto hive (P) and the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia hive (I). The internal volumes of the P, I and log hives were 14.30, 14.52 and 10.06 litres, respectively. Food stores in the original nests were not transferred to the hives and the colonies were fed on sugar syrup and supplied with cerumen. Brood volumes and numbers of food pots were determined every 15 days for 3 months following the colony transfers. The amount of brood which developed in the log hives (mean 848.21 cm3) was significantly greater than in P (mean 543.64 cm3) and I (mean 413.84 cm3) hives, but there were no significant differences between domiciles in the number of food pots built, indicating that colonies need to build up food stores before producing brood. It is suggested that the volumes of the P and I hives should be reduced by at least one-third, to allow better control of temperature and environment by the bees.ViewShow abstractMaya History and ReligionArticleOct 1971Am J ArchaeolDavid M. PendergastJ. Eric S. ThompsonViewThe Rise and Fall of Maya CivilizationArticleJul 1955AM HIST REVRobert RedfieldJ. Eric S. ThompsonViewThe Rise and Fall of Maya CivilizationArticleApr 1955Stephan F. BorhegyiJ. Eric S. ThompsonViewMaya History and ReligionArticleMay 1971ManFrank Mac D. SpindlerJ. Eric S. ThompsonViewLanda s Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan: A TranslationArticleJan 1943AM HIST REVRalph L. RoysAlfred M. TozzerViewThe Social Behavior of BeesArticleJan 1974C. D. MichenerViewThe Folk Culture of YucatanArticleJan 1941Robert RedfieldAn ethnologist has here tested some sociological theories about society and the relation of the individual to the culture. 4 widely different communities in Yucatan were chosen for intensive, ethnological study: a Mayan tribal village, a peasant village, a market town, and a Spanish-modern city. The main conclusions are that these communities, in this order, are progressively less isolated and less homogeneous, and progressively characterized by greater cultural disorganization and inconsistency, by more individualization of behavior, and by more secularization of the culture and individual attitudes. The findings also support the view that cultural disorganization, individualization, and secularization have not simply been diffused, in varying amounts, from the city to the other 3 communities, but are causally interrelated with mobility and heterogeneity and with one another. Chapter V is of particular interest in its treatment of the close relation between the highly integrated culture of the more isolated village and a corresponding integrated personality organization among its individual members. At the other extreme is the greater amount of personal disorganization, struggle for individual status, sense of insecurity, and inner conflict among residents in the more disorganized urban community. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)ViewShow abstractChan Kom: a Maya villageArticleApr 1964West FolkloreRoberto RedfieldAlfonso Villa RojasRepr., reissuedViewShow abstractA criação de abelhas indígenas sem ferrāo (Meliponinae)P Nogueira-NetoThe Indian background of colonial YucatanR L RoysYucatan before and after. the conquestDiego LandaDeRecommended publicationsDiscover moreArticleFull-text availableTHE USE OF TREES FOR NESTING BY STINGLESS BEES IN BRAZILIAN CAATINGA

V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca

Celso Feitosa MartinsMarilda Cortopassi-Laurino

Dirk KoedamIn Rio Grande do Norte, a Caatinga region of North-eastern Brazil, the nesting opportunities that trees offer to stingless bees (Meliponinae) were studied. Samples consisted mostly of tree trunks, which were encountered at Meliponine beekeepers. Nearly 13 per cent of observed nests were in living trees in the field. Seven species of stingless bees, involving 227 nests, were encountered in 12 ... [Show full abstract] different tree species. More than 75% of stingless bees were encountered in two tree species being Caesalpinia pyramidalis (Caesalpiniaceae, 41.9%) and Commiphora lepthophoeos (Burseraceae, 33.9 %). Furthermore, all bee species were encountered in C. pyramidalis. A great part of the nests in trunks were of Melipona subnitida, (n = 130) of which 50.0% was found in C. leptophloeos and 22.3% in C. pyramidalis. M. asilvae was predominantly found in C. pyramidalis (92.3%, n = 39). Nest volumes varied from 785 up to 9734 cm 3 .View full-textArticleFull-text available Miel de Angelita : nutritional composition and physicochemical properties of Tetragonisca angustula...February 2012 · Interciencia

Carlos Alberto Fuenmayor

Carlos Mario Zuluaga-Domínguez

Amanda Consuelo Díaz-Moreno

Marta CECILIA QuicazánPre-Hispanic cultures that lived in territories of Central and South America practiced meliponiculture, extracting and processing honey and other products from several stingless bee species. Colonization of these territories introduced beekeeping of Apis mellifera, and practically eliminated meliponiculture. Nevertheless, honey of the species Trigona angustula (Latreille, 1811), called miel de ... [Show full abstract] angelita (or little-angel honey ) has retained a place in the traditional market, with about ten times the cost of A. mellifera honey. Due to its scarcity and to the fact that it is popularly considered to have medicinal properties. Although there are noticeable differences between miel de angelita and common A. mellifera honeys, the lack of objective quality standards has often allowed falsification. Thus, assessment of its physicochemical properties is of interest. In this study, the main nutritional and physicochemical characteristics were analyzed in 44 samples from seven regions of Colombia. Results showed a major composition of 24.3 ±2.3% moisture, 23.5 ±6.4% glucose, 30.1 ±5.4% fructose and 4.2 ±2.4% disaccharides (sucrose and maltose). The honeys presented 0.205 ±0.070% ash, 155.0 ±65.1ppm Na, 576.6 ±177.6ppm K, 199.6 ±63.4ppm Ca, 56.0 ±27.5ppm Mg, 5.8 ±2.3ppm Fe, 0.9 ±0.3ppm Cu, and 19.6 ±8.3 Zn. Free acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, pH, conductivity, specific rotation, diastase activity and color (on the Pfund scale) were also assessed. This study constitutes the basis for establishing quality standards of this valuable honey in Colombia.View full-textArticleFull-text availableDiversity of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera:Meliponini) Used in Meliponiculture in ColombiaSeptember 2013 · Acta Biologica Colombiana

Guiomar Nates ParraJUAN MANUEL ROSSO-LONDOÑOThere are close to 120 species of native stingless bees in Colombia, many of them with important uses and meanings for diverse social and cultural groups. The stingless beekeeping (meliponiculture) is an activity in process of growth and technification in Latin America and other regions, but there are a little information about their characteristics and development in Colombia. Through ... [Show full abstract] information collected by interviews to 75 stingless beekeepers of 16 departments of Colombia, 25 species of stingless bees were identified, grouped in 12 genera. Approximately nine more uncertain species were also found, four new records for the country are presented, and geographical distribution, urban beekeeping and vernacular names reported. The characteristics of most common cultivated genera (Tetragonisca, Melipona, Paratrigona, Scaptotrigona and Nannotrigona) are presented, and the importance of the link between biological and cultural diversity revealed in vernacular names, are discussed. Facing a growing of meliponiculture in the world, some research needs and risks for the conservation and management of the diversity of stingless bees and related knowledge are remarked.View full-textArticleBats and bees are pollinating Parkia biglobosa in The GambiaJuly 2011 · Agroforestry Systems

Kristin Marie LassenAnders RæbildHenrik Hansen[...]Erik Nymann EriksenA pollination experiment was conducted with Parkia biglobosa (Fabaceae) in The Gambia. P. biglobosa is integrated in the farming systems and produces fruit pulp and seeds used in cooking. The species is bat-pollinated, andin areas with few bats the main pollinators are assumed to be honey bees. A higher rate of effective pollination will in manyinstances increase fruit production, and the aim ... [Show full abstract] of this study was to investigate pollination efficiency of different pollinators.Access of flower visiting animals to flowers was controlled by nets with differently sized mesh, using five trees as replicates.The pollinators’ identity, efficiency, and relative effect were determined. Bats, honey bees, and stingless bees were ableto pollinate the species. Bat-visited capitula produced more pods, but not significantly more than honey bees. Honey beeswere more efficient than stingless bees, resulting in significantly less aborted seeds. The treatment which excluded all flowervisitors developed no mature pods, indicating that P. biglobosa was not autonomous autogamous, apomictic, or parthenocarpic, while the treatment with confined honey bees showed that geitonogamyis possible. Sugar content of fruit pulp was analysed and a positive correlation between number of seeds per pod and the sugarcontent was found. Improved pollination success may thus result in sweeter fruits. We conclude it is important to strive againsta pollinator-friendly environment in order to attract bats and bees. Furthermore, we suggest beekeeping in the vicinity ofP. biglobosa as a way to increase yield.Read moreLast Updated: 18 Oct 2020Discover the world s researchJoin ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work.Join for free

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